Why Dynasplint is half dead (and all dead for survivors)

Do you have muscles tightened by spasticity? 

Sarcomeres are the small units in muscle that contract when your muscles contract. (Great image here. Look at the bottom right corner.)  Sarcomeres will increase in numbers when muscle is put through a prolonged stretch. Increasing sarcomeres is how muscles are lengthened. Lengthening of muscle and increasing sarcomeres increases flexibility. Which is a good thing because we can talk about neuroplasticity until the cows come home but if your arm (or whatever) "won't go that way," all bets are off.

 
OK. So how might you increase the number of sarcomeres? One way that many clinicians think works is called "dynamic splinting." The idea is that you'd wear something that would hold you in a position that would stretch you. If you could wear it at that posture for 2-3 hours, the clinician would "dial in" a more "aggressive" range of motion. Over time you'd gain sarcomeres which would allow you to have more range of motion. 

Sounds groovy, right?

It works for, say, marital artists who want flexibility so they can KICK ASS.

Stretching ROCKS! Sometimes!

You stretch, you get a longer muscle, everybody's happy!

But yeah. That whole science thing gets in the way. Don't you just hate science?

It turns out that the way to elongate (add sarcomeres)  "normal" muscle is nothing like the way you'd do it in spastic muscle. To stretch spastic muscles so they gain length, the stretch must be held at least 48 hours. And dynamic splints are not kept on for anywhere near that long; a few hours, max. 

And here's another little interesting tidbit. The 600 pound gorilla of dynamic splints is a company call DynaSplint (get it?) and they've had a little bit of trouble lately. The kind of trouble where they may have defrauded the Federal Govmint. And they laid off 500 workers in one day. Which makes sense since it was a DynaSplint salesperson that was the whistle-blower that brought the whole company down. Which then triggered their bank to stop their operating budget.

And while I have no idea of any of those problems are warranted, one thing I do know is that they are fraudulent in another way. Again and again they claim that their splinting systems help folks with spasticity. They also claim they increase muscle length. Don't buy it!

Flaccid or spastic; what strategy works best?

Here's a recently email question I got....

Hi there,

I recently read your article about spasticity located here. 

The article seems to focus on therapies and treatments for patients who still have some motor control over muscles -- i.e. the brain is still in the loop.  Would the same treatments apply to a patient with little or no muscle control over muscles. i.e. muscles remain mostly flaccid post stroke.  Or is there little in the way of physical therapy that can be applied in this situation?

Specific patient is currently being treated with ativan and tizanidine, with the resulting effect that their ability to remain active is significantly deteriorated due to drowsiness.

Thanks,
(Name withheld)

Muscles hate to be overstretched, so if the brain is not online (as is often true after stroke) the muscles rely on the spinal cord to take over the job of protecting the muscles from being overstretched. But the spinal cord is a dumb brain. It can only tell muscles to tighten. The bottom line is: once the spinal cord takes over you end up with tight spastic muscles.

There is emerging research that suggests that if you can reestablish brain control over spastic muscles, the spinal cord will get it out of the way, and spasticity will decline.

So, as you can see the question, above, is a bit confusing because the writer asks, "Will the same treatments apply… in muscles that remained mostly flaccid post stroke?"

When the muscle is flaccid, there is no brain control over the muscle. If that's the case early in recovery (the first few weeks) you may find that the survivor becomes spastic or regains voluntary movement through the arc of recovery. But if the survivor is flaccid for more than a few weeks, the only thing that may have potential is electrical stimulation.  

(Note: because tizanidine -trade name Zanaflex- in particular is used specifically for spasticity, the person you are talking about is spastic. In that case they would have voluntary control into flexion - i.e. if you passively stretch the fingers to "open" the hand, they can squeeze your hand. If this is true, then I'd follow this strategy. It is a common misconception that everyone who is spastic has no control over their muscles. If they can squeeze, have them squeeze over and over and over and over... Tough to do when "their ability to remain active is significantly deteriorated due to drowsiness.")

If you want to see all this blog's entries on spasticity click here.