Diabetes Mellitus is

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and results from defective insulin production, secretion, or utilization.

Pathophysiology and Etiology

There is an absolute or relative lack of insulin produced by the beta cell, resulting in hyperglycemia.
Defects at the cell level, impaired secretory response of insulin to rises in glucose, and increased nocturnal hepatic glucose production (gluconeogenesis) are seen in type 2 diabetes.
Etiology of type 1 diabetes is not well understood; viral, autoimmune, and environmental theories are under review.
Etiology of type 2 diabetes involves heredity, genetics, and obesity

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 diabetes mellitus was formerly known as insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and juvenile diabetes mellitus.

    Little or no endogenous insulin, requiring injections of insulin to control diabetes and prevent ketoacidosis.
    Five to 10% of all diabetic patients have type 1.
    Etiology: autoimmunity, viral, and certain histocompatibility antigens as well as a genetic component.
    Usual presentation is rapid with classic symptoms of polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, and weight loss.
    Most commonly seen in patients under age 30 but can be seen in older adults.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus was formerly known as noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus or adult onset diabetes mellitus.

    Caused by a combination of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency- some individuals have predominantly insulin resistance, whereas others have predominantly deficient insulin secretion, with little insulin resistance.
    Approximately 90% of diabetic patients have type 2.
    Etiology: strong hereditary component, commonly associated with obesity.
    Usual presentation is slow and typically insidious with symptoms of fatigue, weight gain, poor wound healing, and recurrent infection.
    Found primarily in adults over age 30; however, may be seen in younger adults and adolescents who are overweight.
    Patients with this type of diabetes, but who eventually may be treated with insulin, are still referred to as having type 2 diabetes.

Prediabetes
Prediabetes is an abnormality in glucose values intermediate between normal and overt diabetes.
Impaired Fasting Glucose

    A new category adopted by the American Diabetes Association in 1997 and redefined in 2004.
    Occurs when fasting blood glucose is greater than or equal to 100 but less than 126 mg/dL.

Impaired Glucose Tolerance

    Defined as blood glucose measurement on a glucose tolerance test greater than or equal to 140 mg/dl but less than 200 in the 2-hour sample.
    Asymptomatic; it can progress to type 2 diabetes or remain unchanged.
    May be a risk factor for the development of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and hyperlipidemias.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

    Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate intolerance occurring during pregnancy.
    Occurs in approximately 4% of pregnancies and usually disappears after delivery.
    Women with GDM are at higher risk for diabetes at a later date.
    GDM is associated with increased risk of fetal morbidity.
    Screening for GDM for all pregnant women other than those at lowest risk (under age 25, of normal body weight, have no family history of diabetes, are not a member of an ethnic group with high prevalence of diabetes) should occur between the 24th and 28th weeks of gestation.

Diabetes Associated with Other Conditions

    Certain drugs can decrease insulin activity resulting in hyperglycemia- corticosteroids, thiazide diuretics, estrogen, phenytoin.
    Disease states affecting the pancreas or insulin receptors- pancreatitis, cancer of the pancreas, Cushing's disease or syndrome, acromegaly, pheochromocytoma, muscular dystrophy, Huntington's chorea.

Adverse effects if diabetes is not treated properly

Adverse effects of diabetes - How to treat patients with diabetes who are taking the drug done, regularly check blood sugar levels and inject insulin into his body. That way if done regularly will help control diabetes sufferers and prevent the complications that can arise the next 5 years if not taken seriously, until now no one really - completely cured of diabetes but can only prevent diabetes do not become more severe. If you have a family who have diabetes then treat well to avoid things - the following:

1. Increased cholesterol and blood pressure
Patients with diabetes type 1 or type 2 may lead to decreased insulin resistance and impact on narrowing of the arteries so that blood pressure increases. Complications will occur more quickly when diabetics do not control blood pressure and cholesterol.

2. Blurred vision slowly
Already very much at all diabetics who suffered damage to eye tissue caused by high sugar dareah entering the blood cells leading to the eye. This problem will occur in diabetics who are already very long at all to many - years.
Damage to the eye tissue usually called retinopathy.

3. Experiencing renal failure
A diabetic when glucose in the blood is very high, the blood will coagulate and make cell nephrons in the kidney is damaged. the impact of damage to the nephron is the protein will come out along with urine. This problem is usually experienced by people with type 2 diabetes.

4. Problems with the nerves

Problems nerve damage can be detected from tingling in the hands or feet area and the old - over time can be a pain. Nerve damage caused by the buildup of sugar in the blood that passes through the nerve cells.

5. Amputation foot
Too much blood sugar, especially that accumulate in the foot area can cause problems ranging from numbness, wound until blood flow is not smooth, steps should be taken in the condition of diabetic foot was amputated.

6. Experiencing a heart attack
A person with diabetes can be at risk of having a heart attack up to 2-fold, and mekungkinan stroke to 4-fold so that it can also be a comrade in her life.

7. Age into short
Many studies prove that people with diabetes type 1 or type 2 will have a shorter lifespan than if he did not suffer from diabetes.
Such is the impact of diabetes that can happen to our families if not given the correct treatment.

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus unconscious

Symptoms of diabetes mellitus (type) - A person with diabetes is usually easy to spot from the symptoms of frequent urination, frequent thirst, or numbness in the hands or feet. But there are also other symptoms that characterize that you are affected by diabetes mellitus. The following are the symptoms of diabetes mellitus:

1. There is a change of skin.
If you look at the skin folds such as the area of ??the back of the neck, the elbows and the book - knuckle experience the black color then maybe you are affected by diabetes. this is explained by a dermatologist Sanjiv saini that if a high amount of insulin in the body can lead to the growth of skin cells and melanin result will appear black due to the condition of blood sugar levels over normal limits.

2. The sharpness of the eyes changes
Signs of diabetes are understood many people are becoming more myopic eyes or opaque if suffering from diabetes but in fact if you become increasingly clear vision also must be wary because it is caused by changes in water levels in the body, especially the area around your eyes.

3. The skin becomes itchy
A prospective diabetics can also feel itching in the area of ??arms, legs and feet. This is due to a change in the circulation of blood in our body due to excess blood sugar levels.

4. The ability to hear is reduced
If a person initially has the ability to hear the good and arrived - arrived just have to increase the volume tv that his hearing be better able to signify that he is experiencing the symptoms of diabetes because of the amount of blood sugar levels are high in the blood can cause damage to local blood vessels and on the part of the nerve cells in the inner ear.

5. Often snoring
Each diabetics generally snore during sleep because the majority of diabetics are overweight so he narrowed airways during sleep. In addition it will also be easy once sleepy during the day.
Thus the symptoms of diabetes mellitus are sometimes not realized by people suffering from diabetes.

Traditional Medicine Diabetes

Traditional medicine diabetes - Diabetes is a disease characterized by increased levels of sugar in the blood, usually people call this disease is diabetes. When diabetes is severe then many problems will arise in the body ranging from the difficulty of the wound dries up, the body becomes thin and often feel tired. Usually diabetics using drugs - drugs to increase the production of insulin in order to convert sugar into energy in the body. But there was also a diabetes drug derived from plants around us as it is already known that the mangosteen peel and leaves of the soursop.

Here are some diabetes traditional medicine that we can use to help the people nearby terkan diabetes.
1. Leaves soursop
Soursop fruit has a delicious taste and many benefits for us, but did you know that the leaves can help diabetics? the content of which is in the soursop leaves is effective in controlling blood sugar to be normal. Soursop leaf extract is also effective in increasing the beta cells that can launch production of insulin in the pancreas us.

2. Skin mangosteen
Berwwarna purple mangosteen skin often hunted end - the end is because the properties in curing diabetes. Although it tastes very bitter but effective in controlling blood sugar levels and also helps make the blood pressure became normal. If you tidah stand the bitter taste of the mangosteen skin then you can consume mangosteen extract contained in capsules that do not taste the bitterness anymore.
In addition to using traditional medicine diabetics can also mengobato himself by carrying a healthy lifestyle, reducing the habit of consuming foods and beverages that contain high sugar.

Type of Food for Diabetics Right

Food for diabetics - Diabetics are required to regulate his diet, as well as what he ate, everything must be regulated both portions, the content and type of food. Each person eats it certainly will increase the blood sugar content well for diabetics when their blood sugar content increases can be fatal and can also cause complications such as heart disease and disorders of the blood vessels. - Typical characteristics suitable food for diabetics is essential nutrients ranging from calcium, potsium, as well as Vitamin A, Vitamin E and Vitamin C.

Here is food for diabetics who should he consume daily - day.
1. Chocolate Black
content contained in chocolate useful to speed up the processing of glucose in the blood. The study, done in copenhagen prove that people who ate dark chocolate he will not have much to eat sweet - sweet, fatty and salty than those who ate chocolate milk. Another benefit of flavonoids contained in dark chocolate is that it can reduce the likelihood of developing cancer, reduce heart attacks by 2%.

2. Vegetable broccoliA study conducted at the University of Warwick turns in broccoli contains sulfaraphane that play a role in protecting blood vessels from damage caused by diabetes. Another benefit of Sulfarophane is controlling blood sugar levels ,, besides broccoli has chromium to improve insulin sensitivity in our bodies.

3. Fruit blueberry
A study conducted by the USDA in fact people who consume 2.5 cups of wild blueberry juice every day for 12 weeks will give the effect of a decrease in glucose levels in the blood and can also help overcome depression.

4. Oatmeal
Blood sugar levels can be controlled using oatmeal because these foods contain complex carbohydrates. Another benefit of oatmeal is magnesium which can help the body process glucose and promotes insulin secretion by better again.

5. Eat fish
One of the things that can aggravate diabetes because inflammation is high. Omega 3 that exist in fish may help prevent imflamasi high. Therefore perbanyaklah eat fish.

6. Consuming olive oil
results of research conducted in Spain and published in the journal Diabetes Care proves that people who consume olive oil can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by 50%. olive benefits can help prevent insulin resistance, prevents accumulation of fat. Use olive oil instead of butter, margarine.

7. Eating Cannellini beans
Nuts - Nuts have a low glycemic index and have fiber and protein which is good for diabetics. The results of the Universita Of toronto shown that people who consume nuts - nuts for his diet decreased blood sugar levels up to 2 times compared with consuming whole grains.

8. Vegetable Spinach
Results of research conducted in the UK turned out to people who ate spinach more than 1 serving per day then the person has a decreased risk of developing diabetes up to $ 14.

9. Sweet Potatoes
Eating sweet potatoes effective enough to accelerate the processing of glucose. Sweet potatoes can also be used as a substitute for potatoes because the glucose content is very low.

10. Walnut (walnut)
the results of research from Yale University showed that people who eat walnuts as much as 56 grams for 8 weeks will undergo repair damaged blood vessels because of diabetes.

11. Cinnamon
cinnamon we find in Indonesia, a study to prove that the yamg consume 1 gram of cinnamon on a regular basis can lower blood sugar by 30% compared with those who did not. Cause because in cinnamon containing chromium.

12. Turmeric
Foods that contain turmeric good for diabetics because there is a substance in turmeric, curcumin can help the process of fat metabolism in the body.

13. wry sort of citrus fruit
Fruit - fruit that fall into the category of citrus such as oranges, lemons have a high fiber. In these fruits are fructose that are not will not increase your blood sugar. The content fibernya may also help control blood sugar levels of diabetics. Many citrus fruit can also prevent a person to increase his

weight.

14. Tomatoes
Results penelitiaan conducted in Australia turned out to people who consumed tomato juice every day on a regular basis then the risk of blood clots due to diabetes can be reduced. Blood clotting is quite dangerous because it causes disease complications such as stroke, heart disease.

15. Low-fat yogurt and milk
Fat as dangerous as sugar for diabetics because diabetics are high in fat can make the body insensitive to hormone insulis. Look for low-fat milk for diabetics.